Comparative analysis of frequency of lymphocytes, bearing mutations at T-cell receptor locus (TCR), in patients with Hodgkin’s lymphoma was conducted before treatment and after chemoradiotherapy. It was shown that 20 % of patients before the treatment had increased frequencies of mutant cells, which are comparable with the results obtained for patients with malignant tumors of other localizations. Significant genotoxic effect of anticancer therapy was found after the treatment. A tendency to increase of the mutant cell frequency was observed in patients receiving more extensive-field radiotherapy. It was shown high individual variability (more than 7-fold differences) of this parameter of somatic mutagenesis at the same time after the treatment. These data suggest the possibility of using TCR-mutant cell frequency for individual assessment of risk for secondary malignancies.

Key words: Hodgkin’ s lymphoma, chemoradiotherapy, secondary malignancies, somatic mutation, T-cell receptor.

Study of antenatal and postnatal development of two generations of posterity of male Wistar rats which spermatides were gama-irradiated (⁶⁰Co) with doses below those causing sexual sterility (0.5-1.5 Gy, dose rate 0.003 Gy/s) is presented. The greatest changes are found at embryonic growth of posterity of both generations. This means that gama-radiation causes genomic instability..

Key words: : Wistar rats, males, irradiation of spermatides, posterity.

The results of investigation of non-cancer thyroid diseases incidence rates, relative risks and eti-ologic fractions by cohort study at 420 children from southwest region of the Kaluga oblast for the 12-year’s period after irradiation in utero on various terms of gestation at the expense of the technogenic iodine-131 incorporation are presented. Also 150 not exposed children as the control group was observed. It was established that incidence rates of thyroid diseases in the children irradiated in utero was at 2.6 times more than in the control group. The incidence of thyroid diseases among the children irradiated in utero was depended on the period of gestation at which irradiation was occurred. The most high level of the thyroid diseases incidence rate was in two subgroups of irradiated children: in the first subgroup every member was irradiated at the expense of iodine-131 from 4-th to 12-th week of gestation, in the second subgroup – from 16-th to 22-th week of gestation. It is known from radiobiological investigations that at these periods of gestation thyroid of foetus intensively accumulates radioactive iodine.

Key words: children, incidence of non-cancer thyroid diseases, irradiation in utero, technogenic iodine-131, cohort study.

The results of daily based observations for the crustaceans Daphnia magna populations, irradiated at doses of 0.01; 0.1 and 1.0 Gy have been presented. The tables of lifespan have been used for the analysis of the daphnids’ survival. The dynamics of the proportion of survivors after acute gama-irradiation and the duration of daphnids' live span have been compared. Irradiation at dose of 0.1 Gy and more resulted in significant increased risk of daphnids’ mortality and shorten of their lifespan.

Key words: ionizing radiation, low doses, radiation risks, lifespan, Daphnia magna.

From 2003 to 2010 51 patients with tumors of oral cavity were treated. The location of the tumor, its size, prior treatment, and the patient’s clinical status are the main indications for choosing the tactics of treatment. According to all above-mentioned all patients were divided into 4 clinical groups: only photodynamic therapy (PDT); surgery and photodynamic therapy; photodynamic therapy and gamma-ray therapy and/or simultaneous polychemotherapy; photodynamic therapy and interstitial neutron therapy by pin sources of californium-252. Complete response of tumor after PDT was independently of its localization and  extent  of  spread  in  41  patients (80.4 %), partial response – in 8 patients (15.7 %),  stabilization  –  in  2  patients (3,9 %). Thus, overall result of treatment, i.e. the complete and partial response, amounted to 96.1 %. The 2-overall survival years rate was 71.7±7.8 %. PDT was developed as the new method of organ retaining treatment of therapy of oral cavity tumors in combination with the traditional methods of treatment. PDT can be effectively used for treatment of patients with primary, recurrent or residual tumors of oral cavity.

Key words: tumors of oral cavity, photodynamic therapy.

Cell cycle check-points exert control over the cell’s genetic stability. Exposure to ionizing radiation leads to a delay in cell cycle and reduction in proliferative activity of irradiated cells with various DNA injuries. Previous studies on animals involving chronic exposure in the range of 0.01-0.5 Gy/day revealed inhibition of hemopoiesis, changes in cell cycle duration and proliferation of hemopoietic cells. The present study showed an increase in the number of peripheral blood leucocytes with delayed cell cycle in exposed persons 60 years after the onset of chronic exposure (average cumulative dose to red bone marrow was 1.15 Gy). It is assumed that the effect observed can be associated with genomic instability of hemopoietic stem cells (HSC). Increased numbers of proliferating PBL were also noted in exposed individuals at late time after radiation exposure.

Key words: chronic exposure, proliferation, cell cycle.

Causes of local radiation-induced injuries after radiation therapy and combined treatment of head and neck cancer in 1192 patients are reported. The cohort of study subjects was divided in 4 groups in accordance with the used plan of treatment of a disease. Patients of group 1 (486; 40.8 %) were treated with external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) using conventional fractionation of 1.8-2.3 Gy, 5 times a week, total focal dose was 60 Gy. Patients of group 2 (244; 20.5 %) underwent combined treatment: RF hyperthermia, chemotherapy and hyperglycemia. Patients of group 3 (204; 17.1 %) underwent accelerated fractionation radiation therapy, altered regimen, one-time focal dose 1+1.5/2 Gy to total focal dose 60 Gy in combination with non-adjuvant    polychemotherapy:   cisplatin    (100   mg/m²   of   a   body   surface), 5 Fluorouracil (5-FU, 72 hour continuous infusion of 3000 mg). Neutron beam therapy combined with radiation therapy was delivered to 258 (21.6 %) patients of the group 4; 36 (3.0 %) patients underwent neutron beam therapy and 222 (18.6 %) underwent combined gamma-neutron therapy with ²⁵²Cf. In 285 (23.9 %) cases with detected residual tumors and in 184 (15.4 %) patients with incomplete regression of regional metastases surgery interventions were made. The main factors of risk of delayed complications are tumor site, radiation dose, surgery as a part of combined treatment. Delayed radiation-induced injuries were detected in 252 (21.1 %) cases. The most part of complications was detected in patients (115; 23.7 %) undergone conventional EBRT. The least frequency of complications (35; 15.7 %, р=0.00963) was found in patients undergone brachytherapy with ²⁵²Cf. So, brachytherapy is the sparing treatment with homogeneous irradiation of a target. This modality causes the least damage to surrounding normal tissue and allows to escalate a total focal dose to maximum dose to a primary tumor site.

Key words: head & neck cancer, local radiation-induced injures.

The data presented in this paper are the results of comparison of calculated individual accumu-lated internal whole body dose estimations VS individual dose estimations based on Whole Body Counting (WBC measurements of ¹³⁷Cs). All of these data are related to the radioactive contaminated territories of Bryansk region. Results of comparison of dose estimations based on the WBC measurements VS dose values, obtained by calculations by radioecological model and individual questionnaires are in good agreement. It is important result of the this work as far as there are a lot of limitations of direct measurements by WBC for a big number of inhabitants in a case of possible large scale radiation accident.

Key words: : whole body internal irradiation, ¹³⁷Cs, WBC, dose calculations, Chernobyl accident.

The high level of selective accumulation of two radiopharmaceuticals (POEDP, labeled by ^99mTc and ¹⁸⁸Re) in bone tissue was shown. It means that these radiopharmaceuticals are suitable for diagnostic and/or therapeutic purposes in case of bone metastases. The absorbed doses in critical organs (kidneys, liver, small intestine, lungs) are much less than absorbed dose in bone tissue.

Key words: internal irradiation, absorbed doses, Tc-99m, Re-188, radiopharmaceuticals.

Effects of exposure germ cells of male Wistar rats to ⁶⁰Co (0.5-1.0 Gy, dose rate 0.003 Gy/s be-fore copulation) on embryonic and postnatal development of posterity of two generations were studied. The more pronounced effect was observed in sibling of the first generation. Less marked radiation-induced disturbance of embryonic and postnatal development was found in the second generation. The findings indicate genome instability.

Key words: rats Wistar, males, irradiation of spermatozoons, posterity.

Tumor volume and vascularity were assessed at B-mode ultrasound and color Doppler mapping with the use of Logiq S6. Thirty two patients with diagnosed epithelial ovarian cancer of the stage III, morphological types of the tumor as serous, mucinous, endometrial and tumor grades from G1 to G3-4 were  examined. All of them underwent combined treatment: chemotherapy + surgery + chemotherapy. Administration  of neoadjuvant  chemotherapy  was  made   with   the   time   interval 21 days, ovarian tumor was monitored by ultrasound before the treatment and after every chemothe-rapy administration.

Key words: ovarian cancer, ultrasound monitoring, color Doppler mapping, neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

The aim of this study was to analyze long-term follow-up results of a single institution's experience with a regimen of concomitant cisplatin/ftoruracil (5-FU) infusion, neutron brachytherapy (NBT) and radiation for patients with squamous cell oral and oropharygeal cancer. Two hundred thirty-seven patients were eligible for this report.  After  our  treatment  a  complete  tumor  response  was  obtained in 190 (80.2 %), and partial response in 44 (18.6 %) patients. There was no severe long-term treatment-related toxicity. Recurrence of primary tumors was observed in 43 (18.1 %) patients and recurrence of regional lymph nodes metastases in 24 (10.1 %) patients. The 5-year overall survival was 64.5±3.3 % (Kaplan-Meier method) irrespectively of tumor site, stage and treatment method. Our results evidence for good efficacy and safety of ²⁵²Cf NBT, radiotherapy and CCT in head and neck cancer which is not associated with functional and cosmetics defects.

Key words: squamous cell cancer, concurrent chemoradiotherapy, radiotherapy, neutron brachytherapy.

Joint analysis of thyroid cancer incidence in Bryansk, Kaluga, Oryol and Tula oblasts from 1981 through 2008 was made for the first time. The average size of population of the oblasts in those years was 5.1 million people. According to data of the National Radiation and Epidemiological Registry 9120 thyroid cancer cases were detected for that period. Mean-rayon thyroid doses were used for the analysis. Affected rayons of Bryansk, Kaluga, Oryol and Tula oblasts were arranged into 4 groups in accordance with radiation dose: <10 mGy; [10, 20) mGy; [20, 50) mGy; 50 mGy and above. Crude and age-adjusted incidence rates, as well as standardized incidence ratio (SIR) were used for the analysis. For the follow-up period the number of annually detected new thyroid cancer cases in the affected oblasts increased by about 6 times, despite the reduction of the size of population. Dynamic of changes in a crude incidence rate in the oblasts within the follow-up period showed linear character. Increase in a crude incidence rate for the whole period of follow-up was shown in nearly all age groups. In most age groups resided in territories with mean-rayon thyroid doses of 50 mGy and more the crude incidence rate was higher than that in age groups in other territories. In all groups arranged in relation to sex and age at the time of the accident the SIR value from 1991 through 2008 was statistically significant and exceeded 1, population of Russia was considered as control. The SIR was 6.2 in groups of boys and 3.1 in girls groups in the period of 1991-2000. In adolescent and adult groups SIRs ranged between 0.9 and 1.9 in the same period. With the use of individual data of the Russian National Medical and Dosimetric Registry statistically significant relationship between dose and thyroid cancer incidence in those exposed as children and adolescents (0-17 years of age) was showed (ERR/Gy=3.22; 95% CI (1.56; 5.81)). It was established that the excess relative risk per unit dose (ERR/Gy) for boys is 2.9 times higher than for girls.

Key words: Chernobyl accident, territory contaminated with radionuclides, population, thyroid cancer, incidence of disease, crude incidence rate, standardized incidence ratio, excess relative risk.

Basic issues on optimization of radiation protection in a case of potential exposure to radiation, such as design of mathematical models for an assessment of risks for occupational chronic exposure to radiation, methods for assessment of basic scenarios of occupational exposure with allowance for potential irradiation integrated risk limits are reviewed in the paper. Restrictions of annual risk if dose limits exist, require optimizing plan of exposure of professionals to radiation. In this case age, gender, temporal dose distribution, as well as expected baseline cancer incidence and mortality characteristic to specific groups of professionals should be taken into account. Examples of some scenarios of irradiation of nuclear workers adjusted to Russian data are given in the article. Radiation dose close to dose limits stated by National Radiation Standards-99/2009 (20 mSv/year during 5 consecutive years) should be restricted in accordance with the age of a person. The restrictions should be applied to men of 25 and more years old and women of 41 and more years old. To make analysis of cases of random irradiation a design of specialized software is required.

Key words: radiation protection of personnel, restrictions of integrated risk, potential exposure.

New approach to calculation of modified standard internal doses to thyroid and a whole body of residents of contaminated settlements based on radiometry data of 1986 is presented. The approach was used for calculation of modified standard doses for all residents added to the joint data base of the NRER and the Institute of Radiation Hygiene of St.-Petersburg. Power regressions of averaged standard doses with regard to a settlement and density of contamination with ¹³⁷Cs were practically affected neither by a region of residence nor a settlement type. Compound error of calculation of standard doses by regression dependence is 1.6-1.7. Compound error of calculation of standard doses with regard to a settlement is 2.0-2.3.

Key words: Chernobyl accident, doses, internal radiation, thyroid, radiometry.

We have studied the properties of volatile secretions induced in laboratory mice, separate or combined influence of ionizing radiation and chemical compounds (ChC), such as benzene (BZ), as well as one of the products of its metabolism – hydroquinone (GC). The reaction of preference-avoidance response in the T-maze revealed that in urine samples of mice early after exposure to ionizing radiation at doses of 2 and 4 Gy contain attractive for intact animals volatile components (VC). The introduction of BZ in a dose of 2.8 g/kg, as well as the GC in a dose of 100 mg/kg provokes the secretion of VC of aversive, repealing properties towards of intact individuals. Combined exposure to these factors leads to a reciprocal compensation of the impact of volatile secretions in the preference-avoidance response of intact mice. The examined effects depend to some extent on the dose of radiation and CC. Induced both by separate and associated exposure to radiation and CC volatile components have depressing effect of the humoral immune response, regardless of whether they are attractive or aversive properties. Induced both by separate and associated exposure to radiation and CC volatile allocation have a depressing effect of the humoral immune response, regardless of whether they are attractive or aversion properties. We are discussing the role mechanisms of chemosignaling in the development of post-radiation reactions in groups of animals.

Key words: Ionizing radiation, chemicals, combined influence, mice volatile secretions, behaviors and immune reactions.

The influence of low intensity (10-100 µW/sm²) pulsed electromagnetic radiation (EMR) to the adaptive behavior of animals and reactivity of the central nervous system was studied in experiments with mice and Wistar rats. The choice of the pulsed parameters was based on the theoretical prerequisite related with the possibility of the production of the compression-expansion waves in cell membrane in accordance with resonance type and the change of separate neuron function in the condition of self-oscillating periodical activity of neural network. Regimes of monochromatic modulation of EMR were investigated within the frequence range of periodic neural brain activity (EEG). Significant effects of EMR on the central nervous system were detected. Transient decrease in the trainability both in the labyrinth and “escape behavior” methods, the disturbance in the process of consolidation of acquired habit in a long-term memory, the change in the structure of locomotors pattern, the rise in the reactivity to narcotic substances were revealed in animals. Non-linear relationship between the central nervous system responses and EMR intensity was established. Frequency-energetic ranges, within which the most negative effect was observed, were discovered.

Key words: electromagnetic radiation, pulsed modulation, nontermal intensity, behavior, CNS responses.

Dynamics of the leukaemia incidence in the cohort of 104 thousand Russian emergency accident workers (EAWs), men, over the period from 1986-2007 was examined. The average age of the EAWs at the time of their arrival at the working area was 34 years. Maximal SIR values for leukaemia in the cohort was over the 10-year period, 1990-1999, SIR values close to the unity were observed over the initial (1986-1989) and in the finite (2000-2007) periods. Radiation risk of leukaemia (excluding ChLL) was estimated for 75 thousand EAWs of the cohort with official individual external gamma-radiation doses to a whole body, accumulated over the working period. Mean radiation dose was 108 mGy, the highest dose was 500 mGy. Statistically significant (p=0.05) linear relationship between dose and leukaemia incidence was in the period (1989-1997), ERR/Gy=4.76. Over the period from 1998 to 2007 the radiation risk of leukaemia was not found. Obtained results allow us to conclude that excess leukaemia incidence possibly caused by external gamma-radiation is observed in 3-11 years after the exposure.

Key words: leukaemia incidence, cohort of accident workers, men, follow up period, standardized incidence rate, radiation risk.

Reconstruction of individual and standard internal doses to the thyroid and a whole body of residents of Bryansk, Kaluga, Tula, Oryol oblasts on the basis of radiometric measurements of 1986 was made. Individual irradiation dozes of the measured inhabitants were recalculated to inhabitants standard dozes one age, without taking into account their moving, in absence of interdictions for local milk consumption and dairy cattle pasturable period beginning, since time of the ChNPP accident products fallout ending in their residing area. Parameters of average on settlements standard dozes regresses radiation from ¹³⁷Cs density fallout, dependent on area and various for rural and city settlements are given. Use of these parameters allows to carry out reconstruction of average on settlements of population thyroid and all body internal irradiation dozes population in 1986.

Key words: ChNPP accident, doses, internal irradiation, thyroid, radiometry.

The purpose of the given work is the estimation of psychophysiological adaptation of two patients who have received local radiation injuries of various localisation and severity level. The obtained data specifies that infringement of mental adaptation is an integral part of a clinical picture of local radiation injuries, and reveals a severe need not only specific treatment of a radiation injury, but also psychotropic pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy.

Key words: local radiation injury, psychophysiological examination, Infringement of mental adaptation.

The settlement of Dolon (Republic of Kazakhstan) is one of areas most affected by radiation as a result of the first nuclear test in the USSR (29.08.1949 - Semipalatinsk nuclear test site). The set-tlement was selected for comparison of different methods of retrospective dosimetry. External radiation doses in residents of the Dolon village estimated using methods of luminescence and EPR dosimetry were compared with calculated doses. The available data of soil contamination density by ¹³⁷Cs and ^239+240Pu in the village and in its vicinity were used for interpretation of the results. With an allowance for these data and “behavior and shielding” factors, essential for dose forming, the mean calculated external radiation dose to the residents was estimated to be equal to 260+/-80 mGy. Mean dose estimated by EPR dosimetry method was equal to 156+/-37. It was concluded, that values of external radiation dose in residents of the Dolon village (1000 mGy-2000 mGy) published earlier were essentially overestimated.

Key words: retrospective dosimetry, nuclear tests, doses of irradiation among inhabitants.

In the study, results of treatment of 76 patients with late skin ulcers developed after radiation therapy for malignant neoplasms of various sites are presented. The effectiveness of the local immunomodulator HEPON used in combination with the human epidermal growth factor HEBERMIN and conventional treatment is compared.

Key words: oncology, radiation therapy, radiation injuries.

On March 21, 2007, in Essen (Germany) the new basic Recommendations for protection of man and environment from ionizing radiation issued by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) were approved. In working out the Recommendations the ICRP took into account new biological and physical information, as well as the key trends in the development of radiation safety standards. A major reason for the revision of the Recommendations was the complexity of the old radiation protection system. The new Recommendations are focused on the further development of the fundamentals of the 1977 Recommendations (ICRP Publication 26) and the 1990 Recommendations (ICRP Publication 26): the principles of rightfulness, optimization and restrictions. Persons responsible for radiation protection are obliged to quantitatively commensurate risks and establish the optimum balance of risks and benefits. Thus, although the main focus of the new Recommendations is on protection of individuals from radiation sources, it would be necessary to optimize the protection in order to achieve its maximum effectiveness under any concrete circumstances. Responsibility for optimization is imposed on the respective national organizations. In addition to the main document of the Recommendations, documents on substantiation of effects of small doses and relative biological effectiveness of radiation were created which allowed revisions of weighting factors for different tissues and types of radiation. The key ideological principle the ICRP applied in the preparation of the new radiation safety system was the motto “precedence to continuity rather than to changes”.

Key words: radiation, dose, dose rate, effect, risk.

The major factors determining ¹³⁷Cs dynamics activities in milk and an organism of inhabitants of the contaminated territories in the autumn-winter 1986 after ChNPP accident are estimated. It is shown, that within the first year after ChNPP accident a root way of ¹³⁷Cs receipt in grass and milk practically unimportant for internal irradiation doses inhabitants. It is established, that within 155 and 200 days after accident for age 1-2 years and more than 10 years inhabitant’s dynamics of ¹³⁷Cs activity in their body will be determined only by activity ¹³⁷Cs activity in milk due to superficial pastures grass contamination. At radiometry inhabitants in later times after the stall season beginning a dynamics of in their body will be determined by ¹³⁷Cs activity in milk due to ¹³⁷Cs activity first hay crop.

Key words: ChNPP accident, contamination, milk and pasturable vegetation, doses, internal irradiation, inhabitants.

In the article the results of long-term author researches are resulted on determination and design of forming of the radiation loading on a man, resident on territory, being under influence of the troop landings and upcasts of South Ukraine and Zaporozhia AEPS. Design results are presented in a form, allowing quickly oriented in a radiation situation and do the operative prognosis of the radiation loading on a man as a result of different ways of receipt to the man of station origin radionuclide’s – as dose prices (normalized effective doses). It allows to estimate a radiation situation in a form, maximally adapted for its perception persons, by a decisionmaking.

Key words: extrass and upcasts of AEPS, effective dose, dose cost.

Information on 724 grants received by MRRC RAMS scientific workers in the years 1993-2009 was given using domestic and international information resources in electronic and print media. The results of processing and analyzing databases enabled to characterize the activity of scientific workers in MRRC RAMS sectors aimed at receiving financial support for the science activities in the field of medical radiology, radiobiology and radiation epidemiology, sum up, highlight problems and prospects. Peculiarities of non-competitive financing of the science were considered. Difficulties in financing innovative projects were analyzed.

Key words: off-budget support of science activities, radiation.

Population exposure from the dose-forming nuclides contaminating air and underlying surface in the Novovoronezh NPP (NNPP) observation zone (OZ) is estimated in compliance with the Per-missible Releases Guidance (PR-98). For this purpose, the authors have developed and applied computerized procedures to solve the following problems: a) to compute OZ average annual air concentrations and land fallout of radionuclides occurring in NNPP releases; b) to estimate population exposure doses from the contamination of air, land and agriculture products with those nuclides. The mean annual effective dose for the OZ NNPP population is rather insignificant,
2.2•10^-5 Sv.

Key words: Novovoronezh NPP, radionuclide concentrations, doses, risks.

The results of long-term monitoring of activity caesium’s radionuclide in an organism of inhabitants of the most polluted areas of Bryansk and Kaluga region are presented in this article. The average saved up effective doses of an internal irradiation of all body from 1986-1994 in the investigated areas are rather insignificant and make, accordingly, 9.90, 7.40 and 9.60 mSv for inhabitants of Gordeevsky, Novozybkovsky/Zlynkovsky, Krasnogorsky areas of Bryansk region and 1.50, 1.53 and 1.84 mSv for inhabitants of Zhizdrinsky, Ulyanovsky and Hvastovichsky areas of the Kaluga region. At rather low averages or median doses the population even within one settlement, has groups of persons with much higher individual dose. They form groups of the raised radiating risk and it is necessary to pay attention to them first of all at carrying out of treatment-and-prophylactic, protective and rehabilitation actions. This result should be considered not only at the analysis of consequences of failure on the Chernobyl atomic power station, but also by preparation of plans of measures on prevention of consequences of possible large-scale radiating incidents in the future.

Key words: radioactive contamination, effective doses of internal irradiation, WBC-measures, failure on the Chernobyl atomic power station.