Updating of official technique of reconstruction of an all body internal irradiation dozes of Russian Federation inhabitants, undergone to radioactive fallout owing to ChNPP accident in 1986 is executed. Updating is executed on the basis of official technique of reconstruction of internal thyroid doses of Russian Federation inhabitants on radioactive contamination territories owing to ChNPP accident in 1986. In this article there are basic ratio for calculation of ¹³⁷Cs intake dynamics in a person organism are resulted due to inhalation and radio-contaminated food stuffs, ¹³⁷Cs activity dynamics in a person organism and an all body internal dose. The general properties of the offered method are discussed.

Key words: internal irradiation, person, doses, technique updating, ChNPP accident.

Prognosis of induction of radiation related solid cancers in population of the Kaluga oblast was made with the use of UNSCEAR model. It was found that the increase in the rate of all solid cancers could be up to 1%. Calculated and actual data of the National Radiation and Epidemiological Registry were in good agreement. The contribution of radiation to increase of the rate of breast cancer in young women can be up to 4%.

Key words: attributable risk, solid cancers, inhabitants of the Kaluga oblast.

The study was designed to compare the severity of normal tissue reactions to radiation therapy in cancer patients with different genotypes at the polymorphic site COMT*H/L. The COMT gene encodes for a protein involved in deactivation of genotoxic estrogen species, and the protein product encoded by the L (low activity) allele is 3-5-fold less active than its counterpart encoded by the H (high activity) allele. The study group included 91 breast cancer patients, who received radiation therapy; total local doses were 50-60 Gy. Tissue reactions were classified as three groups, namely expressed, moderate, and no reaction. Genotypes at the polymorphic site were determined by PCR-RFLP technique. It was found that individual radiation reaction was associated with the L allele frequency: 0.46 in patients without radiation reactions, 0.52 in patients with moderate reactions, and 0.64 in patients with expressed radiation reactions of normal tissues. The observed tendency was statistically significant (p<0.05). Analysis of the COMT*H/L polymorphism may be used for planning individual therapeutic schemes for breast cancer patients.

Key words: breast cancer, different status of the polymorphic COMT gene, ray reactions of normal tissues.

Areas adjacent to facilities for mining and processing of radioactive raw materials are subject to pollution with heavy natural radionuclides. Decision-making on the need for remediation measures is to be based on radioecological studies. The present paper presents results from the evaluation of the ecological situation in the area affected by radioactive contamination during the operation of the uranium mining and processing facility, LPA “Almaz”. Sites have been identified with the elevated radionuclide content in components of natural ecosystems.

Key words: radioactive wastes, uranium mines, tailings pond, radionuclide concentration, ionizing radiation dose.

Total 69 patients with Hodgkin’s lymphoma in 2 to 15 years remission underwent an echocardio-graphic study to evaluate the risk of cardiac lesions after combined modality therapy. No patient had cardiac complaints at follow up. Mediastinal irradiation was performed using accelerated hyper-fractionation regimen to 20-22 Gy (group 1) or conventional fractionation to 20 Gy (group 2) and to 40 Gy (group 3). Doxorubicine-containing regimens were used in 86, 65 and 41% patients, respectively. Echocardiography was performed at rest and with exercise test. Total 3, 4 and 7 abnormal findings related to systolic dysfunction were observed In groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively, as compared with control group (p<0.05). The prevalence of lower quartile of the ejection fraction value (<60%) was significantly lower in patients of group 1 (13.6% against 40% и 55.6% in groups 2 and 3, р<0.05). Grade I-II cardiotoxicity (ejection fraction <55%) was observed only in groups 2 and 3 (6.2% and 29.6% of patients). Our data confirm the sparing effect of the non-conventional fractionation regimen with lower dose per fraction for the heart of patients receiving mediastinal irradiation. The exercise test is helpful for revealing patients with asymptomatic cardiac dysfunction for further monitoring.

Key words: Hodgkin’s lymphoma, accelerated hyperfractionation, echocardiography.

A dependence of radiation risk of cancers in emergency accident workers of the Chernobyl accident on their age at exposure was estimated for the first time. Excess relative risk (ERR/Gy) was found to be 1.07 (95 % CI: 0.49; 1.73) in the age group of 36-65 years. The value of ERR/Gy is considerably lower and statistically insignificant in the age group of 18-35 years, it is 0.11 (95 % CI: -0.58; 0.95).

Key words: radiation risk, solid tumors, emergency workers, age at exposure.

Descriptive epidemiological analysis of more than 200 thousands of new cancer cases over 25-year period (1981-2005) among population of the Belgorod and Bryansk Regions affected as a result of the Chernobyl accident was carried out. Age-gender dependencies of population oncopathology development during this period as well as the dynamics the incidence changes in separate nosological units were determined. It was shown that exposure in low dose after the Chernobyl accident led to wavy change of the incidence with the period 5-7 years and that radiation-induced incidence developed in the format of spontaneous one. The role of physiological factors of organism and processes of cell proliferation and differentiation in cancer development are discussed.

Key words: Chernobyl accident, oncology, population incidence, descriptive epidemiological analysis, mechanisms of carcinogenesis, Belgorod and Bryansk Regions.

In the study forming groups of potential cancer risk from occupational exposure to radiation with molecular and radiation epidemiological approaches is discussed. Frequency of gene mutations at TCR locus was measured in 320 professionals of the State Scientific Center of the Russian Federation Institute for Physics and Power Engineering named after A.I.Leypunsky. Average accumulated dose get by the workers was 100 mSv. Due to the use of radiation epidemiological approaches to defining the workers with the value of attributable radiation risk of 10 % and more it was managed to increase the portion of people with increased level of gene mutations in the group. It is noted that the obtained results are preliminary because of limited statistical power of studies.

Key words: groups of potential cancer risk, occupational exposure, frequency of gene mutations at TCR locus, attributable risk.

Cohnheim's hypothesis (1875) is one of the tumorigenesis concepts. The model for development of cancer from embryonic rest cells is considered in the article. Modeling cancer morbidity in a cohort with the model allows us to explain basic regularities of age-dependent cancer morbidity and difference between the morbidity in different populations, in particular. The model allows alternative interpretation of data on cancer morbidity.

Key words: tumorigenesis, embryonic cell, Cohnheim's hypothesis, cancer morbidity, tumor growth.

A method for internal dose assessment in rural inhabitants living on contaminated territories of the Republic of Belarus had been developed. The method is based on the individual internal WBC-doses.

Key words: WBC-doses ¹³⁷Cs, internal dose, determinating and indirect factors, soils types and area forests around settlements, regression dependences.

In experiment an antitumoral efficiency of electrochemical lysis (ECL) was estimated on an example sarcoma M-1, some various combination of ECL parameters (current strength, time of influence) were investigated. By estimate of results we can see that with increase of parameters a percent of full tumor regression goes up. It was confirmed by investigation of the morphological section. In clinik by performance of ECL to patient with breast cancer the medicinal pathomorphism 3 stages was achieved. In observation period we haven’t received the date about metastasis.

Key words: electrochemicallysis, sarcoma M-1, cancer.

The point is that the incidence of cancer diseases is increasing. Using a specially developed method for the early diagnosis of benign and malignant diseases of the mammary gland, 3059 women have been examined. A great number of the examined women live in contaminated with radionuclides areas. The rough statistic rate for
100 000 people (data for Russia) was found to be exceeded by an average.

Key words: mammary gland, cancer, ultrasound diagnosis, Chernobyl.

The results of treatment of 120 patients with breast cancer using intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) in combination with organ saving surgery and distant radiotherapy are given in this report. IORT was made on the Russian cyclic electron accelerator “Microtron-M”. The removed tumor bed area or axillary region was irradiated. The single focal irradiation dose was 10 Gy, while the accelerated electrons energy was 8 MeV. The obtained results analysis indicated that using of IORT doesn’t increase the frequency of postoperational complications, radiation responses and injuries, extends the indications for organ saving operations on mammary gland, doesn’t worsen the survival rate indices and can be considered as the alternative to the intensive preoperational irradiation.

Key words: IORT, breast cancer, organ saving surgery.

The risk factors of pyoinflammatory complications of post-surgical wounds at planned operations of gynecological and onco-gynecological patients have been studied. Method of actions for infectious post-surgical complications of wounds and their treatment has been developed and described. This method helps to minimize infectious complicatons' quantity, wound infection, abdominal space abscess, peritonitis in 2.5 times, to shorten the terms of patients being in hospital. The results of laser magnetic therapy's prophylactic application for pyoinflammatory wound complications are stated.

Key words: pyoinflammatory complications, risks' prognosis, actions method, laser magnetic therapy.

The paper discusses the results of analysis of radiation risks of thyroid cancers among the Chernobyl emergency workers (living in Russia) resulting from exposure to iodine radioisotopes. Due to the lack of documented doses from this source, the characteristics of the curve of this radionuclide decay were used for analysis. The analysis was performed by two independent methods: the exposed versus unexposed (the exposed are the emergency workers who worked in the 30-km zone during the first 65 days after the accident and the unexposed are those working there later) and the regression analysis based on the maximum likelihood method using the surrogate dose (period and time of stay in the 30-km zone during ¹³¹I decay). By both methods statistically significant estimates were derived for the relative radiation risk – 1.8 (1.2; 2.8 95 % CI) and for the excess radiation risk per unit surrogate dose – 2.5 (0.2; 6.5 95 % CI). The obtained results indicate that the follow-up of the emergency workers in relation to this issue should be continued.

Key words: Chernobyl, emergency workers, thyroid cancer, iodine radioisotopes, incidence, radiation risk.

There was performed a research of the radiation dose size and radiation dose structure of those who participated in the elimination of the Chernobyl disaster consequences. It was established that the levels of ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs и ²³⁹Pu received by means of inhaling by the «liquidators» worked at the Chernobyl atomic power station site in June and July of 1986 did not exceed the limits set by radiation standards-76/87 of that time. The average radiation doses of the «liquidators» in 1986, 1987 and 1988 were 186, 98 and 47 mGy, respectively. The most dangerous exposure to radiation was received by those who participated in the decontamination of the third power generating unit of the Chernobyl atomic power station in June and July of 1986, their radiation doses being from 205,0+/-10,0 to 242,0+/-5,6 mGy. The body burden structure of the «liquidators» participated in the elimination in 1986 consisted of exposure radiation dose of external gamma irradiation (86 %), external beta irradiation (10 %) and internal irradiation caused by inhaling radionuclides (4 %). It was established that body burden was influenced by the following factors: the level of air and area radioactive contamination, duration of work in the contaminated areas, the nature of work being performed and personal protective equipment efficacy.

Key words: Chernobyl disaster, radionuclides, volumetric activity, entering organism, participants in the elimination of consequences («liquidators»), the nature of work being performed, ¹³⁷Cs content in organism, radiation doses, radiation dose structure.

For the purpose of search of optimum algorithm of mathematical processing of the EPR spectra of irradiated tooth enamel the analysis of efficiency of usage of the analytical model considering change of the form a component of the EPR spectrum at various microwave power is made for definition of the absorbed dose on amplitude of the radiation-induced signal. EPR spectra irradiated with gamma rays in various doses of homogeneous samples of enamel (a mix of enamel from a several teeth), measured at various microwave power, have been processed with model use in which the parameters describing the form a component, established according to preliminary measured dependences on microwave power. Accuracy of mathematical processing estimated on a root-mean-square deviation of certain values of a dose from rating values. It is shown that use of the this model allows to increase accuracy of dose determination in comparison with earlier used model in which the form of the radiation-induced signal was fixed without power dependence, and the form native (background) signal varied in the course of model fitting to an experimental spectrum.

Key words: retrospective dosimetry, tooth enamel, EPR-spectroscopy.

In patients with lung cancer, the condition of left ventricular systolic and diastolic functions has been evaluated with echocardiography during radiation therapy for lung cancer. Thirty-nine patients were examined using an ultrasound device “ACUSON CV-70”. Systolic and diastolic functions were evaluated prior to radiation therapy and at doses of 20, 40, 60 Gy. At a dose of 20 Gy, first signs of the left ventricular functional disturbance were noted. With increasing the total tumor dose negative changes in left ventricular systolic and diastolic functions were progressing.

Key words: lung cancer, radiation therapy, echocardiography.

Prognosis of induction of radiation related solid cancers in population of the Bryansk oblast was made with the use of UNSCEAR model. It was found that the increase in the rate of all solid cancers could be up to 3 %. Calculated and actual data of the National Radiation and Epidemiological Registry were in good agreement. The contribution of radiation to increase of the rate of breast cancer in young women can be up to 10 %.

Key words: attributable risk, solid cancers, population of the Bryansk oblast.

The paper describes a methodology for forming potential risk groups among Chernobyl emergency workers. Based on the actual data of the National Radiation and Epidemiological Registry (NRER) the conclusion is made that a statistically significant excess of cancer incidence rate occurs among emergency workers with the attributive risk value higher than 15 %. A potential risk group has been formed to secure meaningful targeted assistance from health authorities.

Key words: National Radiation and Epidemiological Registry, emergency workers, attributive risk of cancer diseases, potential risk group.

The dependence of synergy enhancement ratio after the consecutive thermoradiation actions on dose rate and dose of ionizing radiation as well as on temperature and duration of its application was studied for yeast cells. The results published before were described and interpreted by means of the mathematical model of synergism in accordance with which the synergism is expected to result from the additional lethal damage arising from the interaction of sublesions induced by both agents.

Key words: synergism, combined impact, mathematical model, ionizing radiation, hyperthermia.

On the basis of the monitoring data the estimation of cancerogenic risks for the population of settlement Novogorny from inhalation of the harmful chemical substances (HChS) contained in emissions of Argayash heat and power plant were carried out. Also risks of occurrence of non-cancerogenic effects from influence of HChS have been estimated. Inhalation risks from HChS for the modern period of supervision have been calculated through the data on the concentration, received by a calculated way. Comparison of the received results for the various periods of work of heat and power plant is carried out. The basic tendencies in reduction of inhalation risks from HChS, connected with conducting of protective actions on decrease of emissions on Argayash heat and power plant are marked.

Key words: risk, harmful chemical substances, inhalation, Argayash heat and power plant.

Internationally, the upper limit of acceptable individual risk from occupational exposure for nuclear industry workers is determined by the death probability 10^-3 year^-1. The same risk value of 10^-3 year^-1 is established by the Radiation Safety Standards currently in force in Russia. The United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation has proposed the formulae for estimating individual risk of developing cancer with allowance for radiation dose, age at exposure, attained age and sex. This methodology is first applied to estimate individual radiation risk for nuclear industry workers (49900 persons) who were monitored for radiation exposure through the use of personal dosimeters. The estimates show that in 2006 the threshold of 10^-3 year^-1 for individual risk is exceeded for 755 persons, which is 1.6 % of all workers covered by personal dose monitoring. The excess absolute risk (EAR) and attributive risk (AR) were estimated for all cancers, solid cancers and leukemias. The principles for forming potential risk groups are discussed.

Key words: individual radiation risk; "dose matrix"; nuclear industry workers; chronic occupational exposure.

Results of evaluation of medico-economic impact of targeted medical aid rendered with frames of radiation-epidemiological monitoring on health status of the affected population are discussed in the article. The used approach allows authors to estimate cost-effectiveness of specific medical examination and to show the method for assessment of financial charges required for the implementation of prophylaxis programs addressed to groups of the affected population under enhanced potential risk. According to the analysis of medical data of 316 151 children residing in Bryansk oblast it is possible to increase considerably cost-effectiveness and quality of medical care provided to the population exposed to low dose radiation due to reasonable use of modern medico-organizational approaches and formation of groups under enhanced radiation risk.

Key words: radiation; health effects of the Chernobyl accident; targeted medical aid; cost-effectiveness.

In the presented study, ultrasound semiotics of cutaneous melanoma metastases in soft tissues and lymph nodes has been analyzed in 110 patients. Echography was performed on ultrasound Sonoline Antares (Siemens) equipment using linear 4-13 MHz transducers. Verification was done on the basis of aspiration biopsy and/or histological findings. Clinically invisible metastases were found in 35 % of cases. Ultrasonically, metastases were identified as a foreign tissue of low echogenicity against the background of the normal structure of the skin and soft tissues.

Key words: ultrasound semiotics; metastases; cutaneous melanoma; lymph nodes; echography.

In researches on 402 rats Wistar, more than 1300 fruits and 1900 young rats posterities of the first generation are investigated reproductive function of the animals, subjected to unitary total gamma irradiation ⁶⁰Со in not sterilizing doze 1 Gy (capacity of a doze 0,003sGy/s) for 10 day of their intra-uterine development (the period of a bookmark of reproductive system) or in various terms (1, 4-11 and 30-40 day) after radiating influence on sexual maturity females. Posterity females, irradiated antenatal, or posterity sexual maturity animals, pregnancy at which came in the first 11 day after an irradiation, defectively, and this inferiority is more expressed in postnatal ontogenesis at posterity on a parent line antenatal the irradiated animals.

Key words: rats Wistar; irradiation of antenatal and sexual maturity ovaries; reproductive function; posterity.

Stable lowering of spontaneous motion activity is observed in a very low for this object dose 0.01 Gy in a population of paramecium Spirostomum ambiguum. This injure inherits in vegetative reproduction in a lot of cellular generations (12-15 generations were observed). It takes place in a number of individuals. Doses-independence distinguishes this injure from usual radioactive cellular effects. Significance of these results is taken up in connection with the problem of low doses of radioactive danger.

Key words: ionizing radiation; low doses; unicellular hydrobiontes; motional activity; Inheritance; radioactive danger.

The decrease of the spontaneous motional activity of paramecium Spirostomum ambiguum Ehrbg was observed just after irradiation in the 0.01 Gy at the different irradiators with ⁶⁰Co gamma-rays (“Lutch Irradiator”, Latenergo, Latvia and “Gamma-Cell”, Canada). It was approximately on the similar level (about 40 % below control) in variety of doses (to 1.0 Gy inclusive). The present result has been interesting in the question of the low doses irradiation activity on the biota.

Key words: low doses efficiency; gamma-irradiation; motional activity; paramecium hydrobiontes; doses control.

The models of Classical and Berkson’s errors existed together in the exposure doses are considered. The simulation-stochastic modeling of radiation risk at different uncertainty levels in the thyroid radiation doses are developed based on the imitation of real subpopulation of children and teenagers younger 18 years (301907 persons from 1293 settlements of Zhytomyr, Kiev and Chernigiv oblasts of Ukraine). Parameter estimations of absolute risk are taken by “naive” and “non-naive” methods. It is demonstrated the influence of classical and Berkson multiplicative errors variances in the radiation doses on the estimations of absolute risk excess and background rate. The dependences of “naive” and “non-naive” estimations confidence intervals on the level of uncertainties in the radiation doses are analyzed for different types of errors.

Key words: radiation dose; absolute risk; Berkson's error; classical error; “naive” estimation; confidence interval.

New "dose matrix" approach used for optimization of radiation protection of a personnel is examined. Values of radiation risks calculated for different occupational radiation exposure scenarios are given. Potential enhanced risk group among workers of the Industrial Association Mayak, who are under permanent dosimetry monitoring, is formed on the basis of dosimetric information and existing standards of radiation protection.

Key words: technological platform of radiation protection, "dose matrix", radiation risk among workers of the Industrial Association Mayak.

The paper presents results of estimating the latent period of induction of radiogenic solid cancers among Chernobyl emergency workers (males) living in six central regions of Russia. The analysis is based on using medical and dosimetry data gathered by the National Radiation Epidemiological Registry (NRER) over the time period from 1986 to 2005. The cohort size is 59706 persons. These are emergency workers who stayed in the exposure zone in 1986-1987. There were 2562 cases of solid tumors detected during the follow-up time in this cohort. The mean radiation dose is 0.13 Gy. The radiation risk and latent period were estimated using the method of maximum likelihood. The excess relative risk per unit dose was found to be 0.92 (0.28; 1.65 95 % CI) and the minimum latent period of induction of solid tumors is 4.7 years (1.2; 9.4 95 % CI).

Key words: emergency workers, latent period, solid tumors, radiation risk.

Impact of dose on the quality of registration of liquidators' health status was studied with the use of data of the National Radiation and Epidemiological Registry (NRER) and randomly selected medical reports made at the Sanatorium. Two dose groups of the liquidators were selected: group 1 – doses of external radiation ranges from 0-99 mGy and group 2 – doses over 200 mGy. Analyzed primary medical data on the same patient from different sources were reliable. Data kept in the NRER were shown to be true basis for organization of long-term epidemiological studies of effects of low dose radiation on health status of population.

Key words: accident at the Chernobyl NPP, liquidators, radiation-epidemiological analysis, data quality control.

Latest data of radiation-epidemiological studies allow making suggestion that methods and means of radiation epidemiology can be used for purposes of radiological protection for medical exposure. Basic principles of the use of population-based approach to the assessment of radiation risk of medical exposure to ionizing radiation are discussed in the article. Analysis of results obtained in population radiation and epidemiological studies of health effects of the Chernobyl accident allows authors to draw conclusion that doses obtained as a result of radiological procedures are not critical for delayed development of cancer.

Key words: accident at the Chernobyl NPP, radiation diagnosis and radiation therapy, liquidators, radiation-epidemiological analysis.

The functional heart condition was evaluated in patients with lung cancer by means of echocardiography using ultrasonic ACUSON CV-70 device. 110 patients were examined. The control group consisted of 76 patients, the main group consisted of 34 patients. Systolic and diastolic functions were evaluated prior to radiation therapy and at radiation doses of 20, 40 and 60 Gy. Modern equipment enabled to detect some cardiac abnormalities from a total tumor dose of 20 Gy. With increasing the dose load, negative changes of systolic and diastolic function of the left ventricle become more evident.

Key words: lung cancer, radiation therapy, echocardiography.

At present a large volume of individual radiation-epidemiological information on people exposed to radiation as the result of the Chernobyl accident, including verified information for about 260 thousand people residing in 567 settlements of the Kaluga, Bryansk, Tula, Orel oblasts, is accumulated at the RNMDR. In compliance with the national Standards of Radiation Safety-99 and “The Concept on radiation, medical and social protection and rehabilitation of the population of the Russian Federation affected by accidental exposure to radiation” (Russian Scientific Commission for Radiation Protection, 1995) estimation of radiation doses to population and its critical groups should be made. Data on annual dynamics of effective external and internal radiation doses accumulated from 1986 to 2006 to people permanently residing in contaminated settlements of the four above mentioned oblasts have been input into the registry. Statistical information on dose parameters related to residents of the contaminated oblasts is available as well.

Key words: dosimetric registry, Chernobyl accident, verified information, accumulated effective external and in-ternal radiation doses.

In the present work the estimation of risk for the population of southwest areas of Bryansk region exposure to the Chernobyl atomic power station is carried out. The life risk of disease for the population of the specified areas is estimated by a cancer through a dose received from water use. The basic ways of radionuclide receipt in an organism of inhabitants of southwest areas of Bryansk region on a water chain are: an external exposure from polluted flood-land of water body, consumption of water from the sources of the drinking water supply located in the polluted zone, and consumption of fish caught from a local water body. As object of research the population living in area of Lake Kozhanovskoe is accepted. The contribution of radionuclides of ⁹⁰Sr and ¹³⁷Cs in a total dose from water use is estimated. Priority sources of risk for the population from water use to which it is necessary to pay special attention at carrying out of protective actions in the specified territories are revealed.

Key words: dose exposure, water use, risk, radionuclides of ⁹⁰Sr and ¹³⁷Cs, Chernobyl accident

Results of application of developed therapeutic procedures for prevention and treatment of purulent complications following planned gynecological operations are presented in the article. Magnetic-laser device of new generation was used for treatment. The rate of purulent complications following gynecological operations is still high, it ranges between 4.0 and 12 %, mortality rate ranges between 1.5-4.0 %. The use of new methods and techniques allowed us to reduce the frequency of purulent complications by 2-3 times and exclude lethality.

Key words: magnetic and laser therapy, purulent complications, gynecological operations, postoperative period, mortality rate.